Inadequate calcium intake can lead to decreased bone mineral density, which can increase the risk of bone fractures. An increased intake of vitamin K 2 could be a means of lowering calcium-associated health risks. Vitamin K deficiency results in inadequate activation of MGP, which greatly impairs the process of calcium removal and increases the risk of calcification of the blood vessels. Vitamin K, particularly as vitamin K 2, is nearly nonexistent in junk food, with little being consumed even in a healthy Western diet. An adequate intake of vitamin K 2 has been shown to lower the risk of vascular damage because it activates matrix GLA protein (MGP), which inhibits the deposits of calcium on the walls. In contrast, vitamin K 2 is associated with the inhibition of arterial calcification and arterial stiffening.

Recent scientific evidence, however, suggests that elevated consumption of calcium supplements may raise the risk for heart disease and can be connected with accelerated deposit of calcium in blood-vessel walls and soft tissues.

Supplemental calcium promotes bone mineral density and strength and can prevent osteoporosis.

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